Nursing At The 21st Century - 1347 Words

Nursing in the 21st Century As healthcare moves from the Industrial Age to the Information Age, a new role for nurses as knowledge workers comes in its wake (McGonigle Mastrians, 2015). In his definition of a knowledge worker, O’Grady cited â€Å"that the knowledge worker is someone who synthesizes a broad array of information and knowledge from a wide variety of sources and brings that synthesis to bear on nursing work† (O’Grady Malloch, 2003, para. 2). Thus, a knowledge worker is one who translates and integrates information that would eventually be applied in the context of patient care (O’Grady Malloch, 2003). Nurses, as knowledge workers, therefore, have moved â€Å"from the process and function orientation to that of outcome and evidence-based direction† (O’Grady Malloch, 2015, para. 1). Nurses Are Knowledge Workers. How Does Nursing Move From Measuring The Tasks Completed To Measuring The Final Outcome Of The Patient? As a knowledge worker, a nurse moves from the role of a â€Å"data gatherer, information user, knowledge user, and knowledge builder, respectively† (McGonigle Mastrians, 2015, p. 114). It is in the role of a knowledge user that the nurse starts to take â€Å"notice of the trends in a patient’s clinical data and determines whether the clinical data fall within or outside the normal data range† (p. 114). In measuring the final outcome of the patient as suggested by O’Grady and Malloch (2003) Not only should we empower patients, but also we simply don’tShow MoreRelatedClinical Nursing Practice in the 21st Century Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesMaryville University | Clinical Theory Practice of the 21st Century | Assignment 4.1 | | Sally Fandek | 9/1/2012 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | In a world where there is constant change, and individuals are constantly attempting to adapt and cope with these changes, the human experiencesRead MoreEvolution Of Nursing Care Theories In The 21St Century708 Words   |  3 Pagesof the complexities of 21st century medicine is the evolution of nursing care theories in combination with a changing need and expectation of the stakeholder population. Nurses must be advocates and communicators, but must balance these along with an overall philosophy of ethics while still remaining mindful of budgets and the need for the medical institution to be profitable (McCance, 1999). Nursing sensitive indicators reflect the structure, process and outcomes of nursing care, and thus are highlyRead MoreThe Paradigm of 21st Century Nursing: Theories of Caring and Practice2625 Words   |  10 PagesParadigm of 21st Century Nursing One of the complexities of 21st century medicine is the evolution of nursing care theories in combination with a changing need and expectation of the stakeholder population. Nurses must be advocates and communicators, but must balance these along with an overall philosophy of ethics while still remaining mindful of budgets and the need for the medical institution to be profitable. It seems as if these issues comprise a three-part template for nursing: respect forRead MoreThe Nursing Profession Has Gone Through Numerous Transformations Throughout The 21st Century1645 Words   |  7 Pages The nursing profession has gone through numerous transformations throughout the years; dating back to Florence Nightingale. She began the movement of professionalism. This movement marked a time when nurses were eager to get an education and had the opportunity to acquire it through a nursing program (Alligood, 2010). From this movement on, nursing has continued to change at a very rapid pace. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report describes patient needs and environment being much more complexRead MoreNorth Carolina s Nursing Shortage875 Words   |  4 PagesNorth Carolina’s Nursing Shortage: An Introduction Current internal and external hospital stressors are impacting NCs nursing shortage. With the release of many reports from different sources suggesting a change is needed. Most have been accurate in their projections; however, the struggle continues. Strong implications for the direction the crisis is heading, from campaign research to thesis and dissertations, written by professional groups and organizations add credibility to the cause; howeverRead MoreSituation Specific Theory Within The 21st Century928 Words   |  4 PagesSituation-Specific Theory in the 21st Century Christene O’Loughlin Maryville University â€Æ' Situation-Specific Theory in the 21st Century The nursing profession has evolved dramatically since Florence Nightingale. Nursing is now the largest health care profession in the United States and comprises one of the largest workforces (Rosseter, 2011). Nursing has become an increasingly specialized field and using a theoretical basis that defines the person receiving care should be the goal for nursing interventions (ImRead MoreClinical Nursing1157 Words   |  5 Pagesrange from grand, to situation-specific, to mid-range the nurse tends to focuses on which theory will provide the best care to his/her patient. Perhaps in my opinion mid-range theories with their growing frequency of use are best suited for nursing in the 21st century. Mid-range theories are said to be middle rather than ordinary but they are specific enough to evaluate observed situations (McCurry, Revell, Roy, 2009). There are multiple reasons why mid-range theories offer some of the most up to dateRead MoreA Vision Of Future Of Nursing Professionals1371 Wor ds   |  6 PagesIdentifying Nursing Leadership Priorities Abstract: A vision of future of nursing professionals is the initial action required for enabling nurses in influencing people’s health. Nurses can continue with providing leadership for creating communities which are healthy. Leadership changes dynamically and reflects contexts from which this is exercised. 20th-century models of business enterprise, work, organization, relationships, are undergoing radical change with respect to leadership in 21st century. ThisRead MoreChallenges Facing the Nursing Profession722 Words   |  3 PagesChallenges Facing the Nursing Profession in the 21st Century By: Kerry Z Today there is a national nursing shortage as the healthcare industry rapidly changes. Aging baby boomers mean demands on the healthcare system will only increase in the coming years. Fast forward a few years and we see many challenges ahead for nurses. Our textbook covers issues such as generational differences in an aging workforce with poor prospects for replacementsRead MoreHow Medicine Changed American History1296 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society experiences, and what postmodern societies will continue to experience. Over time, the progression of medicine affected American soldiers during times of war, changed how diseases were discovered and treated, and impacted the way 21st century Americans view medicine and medical professionals. As expected, with war comes extensive injuries. During WWI, it took a wounded soldier about 24 hours to travel from the battlefield to a hospital. Many times, the soldiers did not live through

Analysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye - 1484 Words

Within The Bluest Eye, as in real life, black people, no matter their wealth or education, are constantly faced with the assumptions and demands of a Eurocentric dominated world. Some of these involve encounters with actual people, as when white furniture movers refuse to take back the Breedlove’s torn couch, or when a white candy store owner displays his contemptuous indifference towards Pecola because she’s black. In the novel,Morrison looks deeply into the personality of her characters, exploring the insidious ability of white supremacy to ambush the black psyche, ultimately crippling what we now call our self-esteem. The novel’s primary object of critique is the â€Å"thing† that makes some children automatically more valuable than others, more loved because they are considered more beautiful. This â€Å"thing† finds its way into the novel’s girls via their parents and the other black adults around them, who coo over white babies on the s treet but not black ones, and who give their black children white dolls, Shirley Temple drinking cups, and affectionate nicknames based on white movie stars. One of many scenes that forces you to really think and comprehend what is happening describes the failed attempts by Claudia, her sister, and Pecola to befriend a wealthy and popular, even with the teachers, mulatto classmate, Maureen Peal. All the girls can eventually manage to do is to simply hate each other, and the adult Claudia explains that the cause was something external to them all,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye 1917 Words   |  8 Pages1. Through the Big Screen and Flashing Lights In the book The Bluest Eye Mrs. Breedlove talks about who was her motivation, who gave her drive to start dressing up nice and refashioning herself. She started using celebrities as role models or a mirror to help her find ways for her to get the same physical attractiveness they have. In the book Mrs. Breedlove mentions that,†I went to see Clark Gable and Jean Harlow. I fixed my hair up like I’d seen hers on a magazine. A part on the side, with oneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye 1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs. However, in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, the topic of racism is approached in a very unique way. The characters within the novel are subjected to internalizing a set of beliefs that are extremely fragmented. In accepting white standards of beauty, the community compromises their children’s upbringing, their economic means, and social standings. Proving furthermore that the novel has more to do with these factors than actual ethnicity a t all. In The Bluest Eye, characters experience aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye 1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book, â€Å"The Bluest Eye† the main character is Pecola. Pecola is a young African American who wishes she was a blonde hair, blue eyed white girl. Pecola feels like many of us have at some point, where nothing really matters, nobody likes me or i am not good enough for a certain group of people. Her family barely has any confidence, which makes them have learned to accept their ugliness. Her parents do not even see the good in themselves. Due to this, Pecola rarely gets love from her family orRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye 1855 Words   |  8 PagesClaudia is also shown having the mind of a naà ¯ve nine-year-old. Why does Claudia have this double personality in this story? 2.) Throughout Morrison’s story, there seems to be no white allies. A vivid black versus white picture is painted in The Bluest Eye. Overcoming societal standards begins with society as a whole. Why is there no collaboration to combat injustices that black females go through? 3.) Claudia says she begins being upset about her racial characteristics, realizing her beauty is notRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye 1818 Words   |  8 Pages3 February 2016 The Bluest Eye In order to fulfill her greatest desire of having blue eyes, Pecola decided to seek out Soaphead Church for help. Growing up â€Å"ugly† resulted in Pecola having internalized self-hatred. She often sat wondering and â€Å"trying to discover the secret of the ugliness, the ugliness that made her ignored and despised at school, by teachers and classmates alike.† To Pecola, eyes were everything; â€Å"everything was there, in them† (Morrison 45). Because her eyes were so important,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Bluest Eye1555 Words   |  7 Pages The Bluest Eeye Bbackground A woman’s race and the time period she lives in influences not only whether she will be a victim of sexual assault but also, the punishment of the offender. Toni Morrison, The author of The Bluest Eye, a victim of segregation, deals with sexual assault and segregation in her book. Chole Anthony Wofford, who goes by the name of Toni Morrison when writing her books, was born in Lorain, Ohio on February 18, 1931. Her father had several jobs to supportRead MoreToni Morrisons Sula - The Judgment of Sula703 Words   |  3 Pageswith her book The Bluest Eye. In 1973 she published her second novel Sula, and she has been writing ever since. Sara Blackburn reviewed Sula for the New York Times when it first made its way onto the scene, and while she did offer a nice plot summary, her review seemed to carry a message addressed to Morrison rather than to the reader. nbsp; Blackburn begins her article by discussing Morrisons first book, The Bluest Eye, claiming that because of the womens movement The Bluest Eye attractedRead MoreThe Bluest Eye Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye (1970) takes place in Ohio towards the tail end of the depression. The story focuses on the character of Pecola Breedlove who wants to have blue eyes. Pecola becomes convinced that if she had blue eyes her life would be different. Through the eyes of our narrator, Claudia, and her sister Frieda we see the pervasive racism and abuse Pecola is subjected to. Claudia and Frieda act as witnesses to Pecola’s disintegration and as a result, they will spend the rest of theirRead MoreThe Bluest Eye And Marxism : Race Creates Vulnerability1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bluest Eye and Marxism: Race Creates Vulnerability Famous African American social reformer Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob, and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.† In other words, Douglass believed that a society that takes advantage of and devalues people of a certain class, including—considering DouglassRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved And The Bluest Eye2300 Words   |  10 PagesAuthor/Work Literary Analysis Paper Toni Morrison s Beloved and The Bluest Eye Toni Morrison is known for her use of poetic language. In many of her writings Morrison captures the pursuit of African Americans identities(Parnell). Considering Morrison never experienced the horrific tragedies she writes about, she is a witness to many identities that were destroyed by society depiction of them. The themes that Toni Morrison illustrates in her works Beloved and The Bluest Eye demonstrates how Toni

Hamlet Act Iv Summaries and Laertes Analysis Free Essays

Hamlet Act IV Scene 1 Summary:After Gertrude’s conversation with Hamlet, Gertrude is startled and worried, so she goes to Claudius while he is speaking to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. After Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leave, Claudius asks Gertrude how Hamlet was, and Gertrude replies that he is as â€Å"Mad as the sea and wind when both contend/ Which is the mightier† (IV. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet Act Iv Summaries and Laertes Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7-8). Gertrude then tells Claudius that Hamlet has killed Polonius, and Claudius notes that if it had been him behind the curtains, Hamlet would have killed him. Claudius then tells Gertrude that they must send Hamlet to England right away and find a way to explain Hamlet’s act. He then calls for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern again and tells them about the murder and tells them to find Hamlet. Hamlet Act IV Scene 2 Summary:In Act IV Scene 2, Hamlet has just disposed of Polonius’s body. Shortly after, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern enter and ask Hamlet what he has done with the body. They tell him that they want to bury him in the chapel. Hamlet refuses to answer them and instead accuses them of being spies for Claudius. Finally, Hamlet agrees to go with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to Claudius. Hamlet Act IV Scene 3 Summary: In Act IV Scene 3, Claudius speaks to a group of two or three other people about the murder of Polonius and how he plans to send Hamlet to England because he is too dangerous. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern then enter with Hamlet, who says that Polonius is at a supper in which he is being eaten by worms. Finally, Hamlet admits that Polonius’s body is under the stairs in the lobby, so Claudius tells his attendants to go find the body. The King then tells Hamlet that he must leave for England immediately, and Hamlet, pleased, leaves. When Claudius is alone, he says that he hopes that England will put Hamlet to death. Grace Miao Ms. Gordon European Literature 18th November, 2012 Hamlet Act IV Scene 4 Summary: In Act IV Scene 4, Fortinbras leads his army to Poland. He tells the Captain to go ask the Danish King if they may travel through Denmark safely. On the way to the King Claudius, the Captain meets Hamlet, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern. Hamlet asks what the army is doing and who it belongs to. The Captain replies that the army belongs to Prince Fortinbras of Norway and that they are heading to Poland to attack the Poles. When Hamlet asked what the purpose of the attack is, the Captain replied that it was over â€Å"a little patch of ground/ That hath in it no profit but the name† (IV. 4. 19-20). Hamlet becomes shocked that a battle could be fought over something so insignificant and notes that his revenge on Claudius gives him more to gain than Fortinbras would gain from the land. Hamlet becomes angry with himself for giving up on his revenge and declares that his thoughts will be bloody or else they will be worth nothing. Hamlet Act IV Scene 5 Summary:In Act IV Scene 5, Gertrude says to a gentleman and Horatio that she does not wish to speak to Ophelia; however, Horatio tells her that Ophelia should be pitied because her grief has made her mad, so Gertrude finally agrees. When Ophelia enters, she is singing. When Claudius enters, he says that Ophelia’s grief is caused by the death of her father and that many other people have been disturbed and suspicious of Polonius’s death. He also says that Laertes has sailed back to Denmark secretly. Laertes then enters with a mob of people who call him lord and say that he will be king. Laertes is furious and exclaims that he will avenge his father’s death. When Ophelia, still mad, enters again, Laertes becomes furious again. Claudius tries to calm Laertes down and tells him that he did not kill Polonius and that Laertes should take revenge on the correct person. Claudius then manages to convince Laertes to listen to his version ceof Polonius’s death. Grace Miao Ms. Gordon European Literature 18th November, 2012 Laertes’ Character Analysis Act IV Scene 5 1. In order for an actor to understand Laertes better in Act IV Scene 5, the actor must understand how Laertes acts as a foil for Hamlet. In this scene Laertes, like Hamlet, has a father’s death to avenge. The difference, however, is that Laertes is active and does not think deeply about the method whereas Hamlet was passive and a man of thought. (IV. 5. 151-154). 2. Laertes’ motivation and objective in this scene is to avenge his father’s death by murdering whoever killed Polonius because he is furious over his father’s death and Ophelia’s insane state of mind. (IV. 5. 237-242). 3. Laertes is furious that his father has been murdered. (IV. 5. 151-154). He is also extremely angry over the fact that Ophelia has gone mad because of grief. (IV. 5. 78-187). 4. When Laertes storms in demanding for his father, Claudius attempts to calm him down by replying that Polonius is dead. (IV. 5. 145). Gertrude tries to soothe Laertes by replying that Claudius did not kill him. (IV. 5. 146). 5. Laertes affects the events in Act IV Scene 5 by setting the play up for the scene in which most of the acti on will take place. He is prepared to murder whoever killed his father and made his sister insane. (IV. 5. 237-242). He is affected by the events of the scene because he is told that his father is dead and then sees his sister wander in acting mad. This makes him furious. . Laertes acts as a foil to Hamlet in this scene because both have a father’s death to avenge; however, Laertes is a man of action while Hamlet is a man of thought. The second Laertes realized that his father was dead, he becomes furious and vows to take bloody revenge. Hamlet, on the other hand, was passive and depressed after he realized that his father was dead. It also took Hamlet a lot longer to be ready to take revenge. (IV. 5. 151-154). 7. When we saw Laertes last, he was calmer. Laertes has changed in that in this scene, he is angry over the death of his father and the insane state of mind of his sister. IV. 5. 149-151). This change helps set the action of the play in motion because Laertes is planni ng to take revenge for his father’s death. 8. This act makes me wonder how Laertes will react when he realizes that it was Hamlet who murdered his father because earlier in the play, Laertes told Ophelia to be careful of Hamlet. In this act, Hamlet also indirectly made Ophelia go mad because of grief, so Laertes may react stronger because it was Hamlet’s doing. 9. When Laertes says, â€Å"To hell, allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil! / Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! I dare damnation. To this point I stand,/ That both the worlds I give to negligence,/ Let come what comes, only I’ll be revenged/ Most throughly for my father† (IV. 5. 149-154), it demonstrates the difference between Laertes and Hamlet because this line accentuates how Laertes is a man of action. Immediately, Laertes declares that he will avenge his father’s murder while Hamlet went through a long period of depression before he finally decided to take action. Grace Miao Ms. Gordon European Literature 19th November, 2012 Hamlet Act IV Scene 6 Summary: In Act IV Scene 6, Horatio meets two sailors who were entrusted with a letter from Hamlet. In the letter, Hamlet writes that his ship has been captured by pirates who then brought him back to Denmark. Hamlet then tells Horatio to escort the sailors to the King and Queen because they have messages for them as well. He then says that he has a lot to tell Horatio about Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. After reading the letter, Horatio brings the sailors to Claudius and then goes with them to find Hamlet, who is revealed to be in the countryside near the castle. Hamlet Act IV Scene 7 Summary:In Act IV Scene 7, Claudius and Laertes discuss Polonius’s murder. Claudius tells Laertes that Claudius simply buried Polonius secretly. He then explains to Laertes that he did not punish Hamlet for the murder because Gertrude and the citizens like Hamlet, and he does not wish to upset them as King. A messenger then enters to give Claudius a letter from Hamlet that stated that Hamlet was returning to Denmark. Claudius and Laertes then begin planning Laertes’s revenge for his father’s death. Claudius remembers how Hamlet had been jealous of Laertes’s sword skills, so he tells Laertes to challenge Hamlet to a duel. During the duel, Laertes will use a sharpened sword rather than the traditional dull sword. Laertes is also going to put poison at the end of the sword so that a single scratch from it would kill Hamlet. Claudius then comes up with a back-up plan in which if Hamlet wins, Claudius will give Hamlet a goblet of poisoned wine to celebrate. After this, Gertrude enters and tells them that Ophelia has drowned in a river due to her insane state of mind. Grace Miao Mrs. Gordon European Literature 24th November, 2012 Laertes’s Character Analysis Act IV Scene 7 1. In order for an actor to understand Laertes better, he must understand the anger that Laertes feels towards Hamlet for murdering his father. Because of this, the actor must understand how Laertes felt extremely happy to hear that Hamlet was returning home. (IV. 7. 60-63). He must also understand the grief and rage that must have been going through Laertes when he was told that Ophelia had drowned in a river due to her grief. (IV. 7. 211-217). 2. In Act IV Scene 7, Laertes’s objective is to murder Hamlet. Throughout most of the scene, Laertes was plotting his revenge with Claudius. The motivation behind his objective is the death of his father. He wishes to take revenge on whoever murdered his father and caused his sister to go mad. IV. 7. 159-168). 3. Laertes feels extremely happy that Hamlet is returning to Denmark because it allows him to take his revenge for his father earlier. (IV. 7. 60-63). When he finds out that his sister drowned in a river due to grief, however, he becomes saddened and angry again, and possibly even more intent on taking revenge than before. (IV. 7. 159-168). 4. Claudius treats Laertes car efully and helps Laertes plot his revenge because he also wants to kill Hamlet. He suggests that Laertes tempt Hamlet into a sword duel, thus providing Laertes a chance to kill Hamlet. He also prepares a backup plan in which he will poison a cup of wine in case Hamlet wins. (IV. 7. 108-120). Laertes appears to have on particular feeling towards Claudius, but he feels extremely angry towards Hamlet and is happy that Hamlet is returning early because he can now take revenge earlier than previously planned. (IV. 7. 60-63). 5. Laertes plans his revenge for his father’s death in this scene. This helps build up most of the action that will take place in the next act. This also prepares many of the other characters for their deaths. Laertes is affected by events in this scene because Hamlet’s arrival to Denmark helps set his plan in motion earlier than planned. (IV. 7. 60-63). Ophelia’s death also increases his anger towards Hamlet and motivation for revenge. (IV. 7. 211-217). 6. This scene helps portray Laertes as a foil for Hamlet because it took Hamlet an extremely long time to be ready to take revenge for his father’s death, whereas Laertes was ready to kill Hamlet even without a true plan. Laertes was so willing to kill Hamlet whenever possible that he was even willing to kill Hamlet in church. (IV. 7. 143). 7. There was not a significant change in Laretes in this scene as compared to scene 5 because in both scenes, Laertes’ was extremely angry over his father’s death. In this scene, however, Laertes found out who killed his father and is now ready to take revenge. Also, Laertes is further saddened in this scene due to Ophelia’s death. (IV. 7. 211-217). 8. This act makes me wonder if Laertes will react even stronger towards Hamlet because Hamlet indirectly caused Ophelia’s death as well. (IV. 7. 211-217). I also wonder how Laertes feels about Claudius’s willingness to help him plot out his revenge. I wonder if Laertes feels suspicious about it at all or if he is blinded by his anger and need for revenge. 9. When Laertes answered Claudius’s question of how he plans to kill Hamlet by saying, â€Å"To cut his throat i’ th’ church† (IV. 7. 144), it is revealed how Laertes is truly a man of action as compared to Hamlet because Laertes is so furious over his father’s death that he is willing to kill Hamlet in such a sacred place. This supports the idea that Laertes is a foil for Hamlet because Hamlet went through a stage of depression before he was ready to plan his revenge. Another line that further supports the idea of Laertes acting as a foil for Hamlet is when Laertes says, â€Å"I am lost in it, my lord. But let him come. / It warms the very sickness in my heart/ That I [shall] live and tell him to his teeth/ â€Å"Thus didst thou† (IV. 7. 60-63). By saying this, Laertes is desplaying his happiness over the fact that Hamlet is returning early. This shows that Laertes is a man of action, not a man of thought, because he simply cares about the fact that he gets to complete his revenge earlier than originally planned. How to cite Hamlet Act Iv Summaries and Laertes Analysis, Essay examples

Nature and Scope of Investment-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Analyze which Project is better in order to make more Profits and Invest into the Project. Answer: Introduction: Mark and Paul, two marketing students want to start their own start-up. They both present two investment opportunity in front of the investors in which they could invest. As they both are the student of marketing and wondering that which investment opportunity would offer them more profitability and which opportunity would be better to attract more investors to invest into the company. Mark and Paul have explained both the opportunities and all the financial figures related to both the investment project. Now in this report, the financial figures of the proposals have been organized to evaluate and conclude a better result. Mark and Paul have come up with two ideas one is investment into the business of restaurant and other one is to invest into the new business development. Through this report, it has been tried to evaluate that which opportunity is investment is better and why it is better. Before it, the nature of the investment has also been concerned. For this report, various financial tools have been used. Nature and scope of investment: Investments are recognized as a key financial term. This is a process in which an individual, company or society put some efforts and money to get back more money in return. In financial terms, individuals or the groups invest their savings into the financial market to increase the total worth of the invested amount. Investment is of numerous types. An investor could invest into the financial securities according to the requirement such as for short term investment, corporate securities and treasury bonds are good option whereas for long term investment, share and debentures are good option. Investment nature is quite complex (Gitman and Zutter, 2012). It is quite flexible, it is not required that the investment would always offer the high return to the company. Investment is a process which provides the various opportunities to the investors on the basis of risk and return factor. Restaurant purchase and expenses: Mark and Paul have come up with two ideas one is investment into the business of restaurant and other one is to invest into the new business development. In first investment proposal, both of them have explained that if the Mark and Paul would invest into this opportunity than the following expenses and income would be got by the company (Lafond and Roychowdhury, 2008). Both the students are not aware about the financial figures and thus the investment opportunity has been analyzed to identify that whether this opportunity would offer them high return or would there be any risk factor for the opportunity. Below are the information related to the restaurant purchase and expenses opportunity: Restaurant Purchase and Expenses Machinery $ 1,10,000 Furniture $ 30,000 Vehicle for Deliveries $ 43,000 Utensils (cups and plates) $ 18,000 Products $ 10,000 Drinks (For 1 month) $ 20,000 Jun-01 Bank balance $ 80,000 Purchase $10000 for a week of meals Purchase of $ 20,000 for a month of drinks Amount would be paid according to the following derails: 10% in current month 45% in second month 45% in third month Labour Number of casual labour 3 Working in a day (hours) 6 hours In a week (days) 6 days Rate $ 23 per hour Drawings $ 10000 each per month Overhead $ 5,000 Sales 20000 meals in first month 18000 meals in second month 18000 meals in third month 22000 in forth month Average selling price $ 45 Drink sales would be triples the amount of meals per month. Drink Price $ 6 (Nobes and Parker, 2008) Through the above figures, the return from the investment has been analyzed. For calculating the return from this investment planning, budgeting techniques have been used. Sales budget: Sales budget is the main budget which depict about the total sales of the investment opportunity. Through the sales budget of the company, it has been analyzed that the sales of this investment would start from august and would go on ahead. In June and July, it would take time to start up the restaurant. According to the given details in the case, it has been found that from the first month of trade, restaurant would sell approx 20000 meals in the first month and further the units would vary according to the season (Van der Stede, 2001). $ 45 has been set by the Mark and Paul as selling price of the project. Further, the drinks would also be sold by the in $ 6 per drink and the sale of drink would totally depend over the sale of the meals. Drink sale would be thrice of meal sale. Following are the details of the sales budget of the restaurant: Sales budget For the year 2017 June July August September Sales of meals 18000 22000 Sales per unit $ 45 $ 45 Sales price $ 8,10,000 $ 9,90,000 Sales of drink 54000 66000 Sales per unit $ 6 $ 6 Sales price $ 3,24,000 $ 3,96,000 Total Sales $ 11,34,000 $ 13,86,000 The above calculations express that the total sales of the drink and the meal of the company would be $ 3,24,000 and $ 3,96,000 and $ 8,10,000 and $ 9,90,000 in the month of august and sales. Through this, it has also found that the total sales of the company would be $ 11,34,000 in the month of august and $ 13,86,000 in the month of September. Labor budget: Labour budget is the main budget which depict about the total labour hours and total labour rate of the investment opportunity. Through the labour budget of the company, it has been analyzed that the labour of this investment would be rigid from the first day of the June. In June and July, it would take time to start up the restaurant. According to the given details in the case, it has been found that from the first month of start up, 3 labours would work with the company. Following are the details of the labour budget of the restaurant: Restaurant Purchase and Expenses Labour budget For the year 2017 June July August September Number of labour 3 3 3 3 Working in a day (hours) 6 6 6 6 In a week (days) 6 6 6 6 Total weeks 4 4 4 4 Total Working hours 432 432 432 432 Rate 23 23 23 23 Total Labour rate 9936 9936 9936 9936 The above calculations express that the total labour hour of the company would be 432 in every month. All of them would work for 6 days in a week on the payment of $ 23 per hour. The total labour hour of the company would be $ 9936 in every month. Cash budget: Cash budget is the main budget which depict about the total cash outflow and inflow of the investment opportunity. Through the cash budget of the company, it has been analyzed that ho much cash outflow and cash inflow would take place from the first day of the investment. In June and July, it would take time to start up the restaurant and thus the revenue would not be there (Garrison et al, 2010). According to the given details in the case, it has been found that from the first month of start up, cash outflow of the company has taken place. Following are the details of the cash budget of the restaurant: Restaurant Purchase and Expenses Cash budget For the year 2017 June July August September Beginning cash balance $ 80,000 -155936 -192872 855192 Add: budgeted cash receipts for meal and drinks $ - $ - $ 11,34,000 $ 13,86,000 Total cash available for use $ 80,000 $ -1,55,936 $ 9,41,128 $ 22,41,192 Less: cash disbursements Direct Material of meals and drinks $ 2,000 $ 51,000 $ 60,000 direct Labour $ 9,936 $ 9,936 $ 9,936 $ 9,936 Overhead $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Withdrawals $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 20,000 Machinery $ 1,10,000 Furniture $ 30,000 Vehicle $ 43,000 Utensils $ 18,000 Total disbursements $ 2,35,936 $ 36,936 $ 85,936 $ 94,936 Cash surplus $ -1,55,936 $ -1,92,872 $ 8,55,192 $ 21,46,256 budgeted ending cash balance $ -1,55,936 $ -1,92,872 $ 8,55,192 $ 21,46,256 The above calculations express that the total cash outflow of the company would be $ 2,35,936, $ 36,936, $85,936 and $ 94,936. Total cash inflow of the company would be $ 80,000, $ -1,55,936, $ 9,41,128 and $ 22,41,192. Through these calculations, it has been analyzed that the $ -1,55,936, $ -1,92,872, $ 8,55,192 and $ 21,46,256. Overview and analysis of budgets: According to all the above budgets and the calculations of the budgets, it has been found that the investment would offer a good return to the investors after august month. Through these reports, it has been found that the Mark and Paul must make the changes into the operations of the restaurant (Deegan, 2013). The budgeting technique depict that the future of this investment opportunity is quite attractive. Practical issues of investment: The investment opportunity of the restaurant purchase and the expenses has been analyzed and it has been found that the Mark and Paul could face some issues in raising the funds through investment, as investor would not trust over their restaurant proposal for first instance and it would also be tough for them to manage the business according to the economical condition and the location of the restaurant. The associated risk of the restaurant is also higher (Du and Girma, 2009). New business development: Mark and Paul have come up with two ideas one is investment into the business of restaurant and other one is to invest into the new business development. In second investment proposal, both of them have explained that if the Mark and Paul would invest into this opportunity than the following cash outflow and inflow would be got by the company. Both the students are not aware about the financial figures and thus the investment opportunity has been analyzed to identify that whether this opportunity would offer them high return or would there be any risk factor for the opportunity. Below are the information related to the new business development opportunity. Initial Cost $ -3,90,000 Cash Inflows June $ 1,00,000 July $ 2,30,000 Aug $ 1,90,000 Sept $ 1,40,000 The above figures depict that the NPV of the company is $ 1,06,851.08 which depict about the positive results. Further, it has been found that the payback period calculation depict that the investor would get back the amount in 3.77 years and accounting rate of return depict that 27.40% would be the average return of the company. Comparison: An investment opportunity is basically depends over the risk and return factor associated with the proposal. Through comparing and analyzing both the projects, it has been analyzed that the return from the first proposal is bit higher whereas it has also been found that the associated risk of second proposal is bit lower. The investors must consider both these factors and must make a better decision on the basis of this. Conclusion: Lastly, it has been concluded that the return from the first proposal is bit higher whereas it has also been found that the associated risk of second proposal is bit lower. The investors must consider both these factors and must make a better decision on the basis of this. References: Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Du, J. and Girma, S., 2009.Source of finance, growth and firm size: evidence from China(No. 2009.03). Research paper/UNU-WIDER. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,(25(4), pp.79(2-793. Gitman, L.J. and Zutter, C.J., 2012.Principles of managerial finance. Prentice Hall. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Lafond, R. and Roychowdhury, S. 2008. Managerial ownership and accounting conservatism.Journal of accounting research,46(1), pp.101-135. Nobes, C. and Parker, R.H. 2008.Comparative international accounting. Pearson Education. Van der Stede, W.A. 2001. Measuring tight budgetary control.Management Accounting Research,1(2(1), pp.119-137.

article 23 essays

article 23 essays Universal Declaration Of Human Rights -Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment- Article 23 has established how the free enterprise has evolved. Choice is a key element of free enterprise. Workers have the right to choose where to work and who to work for. Article 23 clearly states people have the right to work. Another feature in the free enterprise system is competition. In Article 23 it says people have the right to a free choice of employment. This creates competition between businesses so they strive to keep their best employees. In Article 23 people have the protection against unemployment, and the free enterprise relies on individuals, not the government so Article 23 lets people own or work so our economy can succeed. An example for freedom of choice of employment is if I want to open a business and I want to hire a guy named Bob out of college. In the free enterprise system Bob has the right to work for me. Bob has the right to work where he chooses. If Bob were smart he would work for a business with lots of competition, because if the competition is there and the business is doing well he might get paid more, if the business isnt very competitive then the business wont do as well. Lets say, I hired Bob and two months later I decide to dismiss (fire) him because he I need to down size my business. Bob has the right to get another job in this field so he isnt unemployed, which will help keep the economy running because he will provide his skills for another business in need. ...

Evolution Of Mass Tourism Destinations Tourism Essays

Evolution Of Mass Tourism Destinations Tourism Essays Evolution Of Mass Tourism Destinations Tourism Essay Evolution Of Mass Tourism Destinations Tourism Essay The word cordial reception comes from the Latin word hospes, which means host or invitee. Hospitality has come to intend run intoing the demands of invitees with kindness and good will. The cordial reception and touristry industry ( H A ; T industry ) meets the demands of people with kindness and good will while they are off from their places. The H A ; T industry is broken into four service sectors: nutrient and drink, housing, diversion, and travel and touristry. Assorted theories and methods are used in researching the touristry and cordial reception fields the most of import and effectual in all them are the critical research theory, qualitative research method and quantitative research method. The chief undertaking of critical research is seen as being one of societal review, whereby the restrictive and estranging conditions of the position quo are brought to visible radiation. Critical research focuses on the resistances, struggles and contradictions in modern-day society, and seeks to be emancipatory i.e. it should assist to extinguish the causes of disaffection and domination. criticalness is a contested thought, one with a assortment of significances each claimed by different groups for really different intents. How the term critical is used necessarily reflects the political orientation and worldview of the user One of the best known advocates of moderns of a critical attack to qualitative research includeA Ngwenyama and Lee s ( 1997 ) A andA Hirschheim and Klein s ( 1994 ) A work.A A Myers and Klein ( 2011 ) A suggest a set of rules for the behavior of critical research. Qualitative research is used to research and understand people s beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behavior and interactions. It generates non- numerical informations, e.g. a patient s description of their hurting instead than a step of hurting. In wellness attention, qualitative techniques have been normally used in research documenting the experience of chronic unwellness and in surveies about the operation of administrations. Qualitative research techniques such as focal point groups and in-depth interviews have been used in one-off undertakings commissioned by guideline development groups to happen out more about the positions and experiences of patients and carers. Quantitative research generates numerical informations or informations that can be converted into Numberss, for illustration clinical tests or the National Census, which counts people and families. A comprehensive analysis of 1274 articles published in the top two American sociology diaries between 1935 and 2005 found that approximately two tierces of these articles used quantitative methods. The development of mass touristry finishs: New attacks beyond deterministic theoretical accounts in Benidorm ( Spain ) Josep A. Ivars I Baidala, A 1, A , A Isabel Rodriguez Sanchezb, A , A , A Jose Fernando Vera Rebollob, A 2, A aA Instituto Valenciano de Tecnologias Turisticas ( INVAT.TUR ) Conselleria de Turismo Paseo Tolls, 2 Benidorm, Spain bA Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Turisticas, Universidad de Alicante, Edificio de Institutos, Campus de San Vicente del Raspeig signal-to-noise ratio, Ap. 99 E-03080, Spain Received 26 November 2011. Accepted 29 April 2012. Available on-line 2 June 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.009, A How to Cite or Link Using DOI Permissions A ; Reissues Abstraction Although deterministic theoretical accounts of the development of mass touristry coastal resorts predict an about inevitable diminution over clip, theoretical models of the development and reconstituting policies of mature finishs should be revised to reflect the complex and dynamic manner in which these finishs evolve and interact with the touristry market and planetary socio-economic environment. The present survey examines Benidorm because its urban and touristry theoretical account and large-scale touristry supply and demand make it one of the most alone finishs on the Mediterranean seashore. The probe reveals the demand to follow theories and theoretical accounts that are non strictly deterministic. The dialectic interplay between external factors and the internal factors built-in in this finish at the same time reveals a complex and diverse phase of adulthood and the ability of finishs to make their ain hereafter. Highlights a-? Analysis of external and internal kineticss in the development of a tourer finish. a-? Cross-analysis between planetary factors and local responses. a-? Mature tourer finishs dynamism entail an undeniable complexness. a-? Finishs can act upon their ain hereafter development. a-? Long term fight depends on the local version capacity to alterations. Keywords Life rhythm ; A Development of mature tourer finishs ; A Restructuring ; A Internal and external factors ; A Benidorm 1. Introduction This paper assesses theories of the life rhythm and restructuring of tourer finishs in visible radiation of the recent development of Benidorm, a paradigmatic coastal finish on the Mediterranean ( seeA Fig.A 1 ) , and analyses different stages of its development, which reflect the planetary factors and local procedures that affect touristry. The probe revealed that the deterministic nature of Butler s Tourism Area Life Cycle theoretical account ( Cooper, 2006 ) and Miossec s modelA ( 1977 ) A did non use to the development of Benidorm, which has adapted to different market fortunes and possesses characteristics that guarantee its fight in the modern-day touristry scene. Therefore, this survey presented a new attack to the evolutionary analysis of coastal resorts that complements traditional theoretical theoretical accounts. Fig.A 1.A Location of Benidorm on the Mediterranean seashore. Benidorm is a typical illustration of the resorts that emerged along the Mediterranean seashore in the 1960s during the mass touristry roar that catered chiefly to foreign tourers through big international circuit operators that controlled the market. However, its alone urban development theoretical account is important for understanding the kineticss of this vacation resort. Originally a little fishing small town, Benidorm is the consequence of a local planning theoretical account based on a public enterprise that was ab initio approved in 1956 and partly modified in 1963. Within this model, the governments planned the classs of land usage and edifices and defined growing countries, in peculiar an country of urban enlargement adjacent to the Levante beach which led to Benidorm s typical image of high-density urban development and tower block edifices. Benidorm is one of the most of import tourer finishs on the Mediterranean seashore. The 2010 nose count identified 74,000 registered dwellers, 37 % of whom are aliens. In regulated adjustments ( hotels, flats and campgrounds ) , Benidorm provides more than 68,000 beds and there are 18,000 2nd places. Hotels entirely yearly register about 10 million nightlong corsets, with foreign ( chiefly British ) tourists accounting for half of these visits. Throughout its development as a tourer finish, this vacation resort has had a high mean length of stay for tourers and high hotel tenancy rates throughout the twelvemonth due to limited seasonality. However, new tendencies in the touristry market have raised uncertainties about the hereafter of this finish. The first subdivision of this paper provides a elaborate analysis of the recent development of this finish, the specific local impact of external planetary factors and the internal factors related to the kineticss of territorial and touristry characteristics that are alone to this finish. The end of the analysis was to find the extent to which the recent development of this finish was influenced by the interaction of external forces or planetary factors with local steps designed to restitute the finish and keep its fight. The 2nd subdivision focuses on the sentiments of localA stakeholdersA who have influenced the development of the finish and whose actions will mostly find Benidorm s hereafter. The analysis of mature finishs is of involvement from academic, political and touristry direction positions. Academic approaches focal point on the relationship of mature finishs with sustainable development and market variegation ( Bramwell, 2004 ) , the development of long-tail schemes ( Lew, 2008 ) , and the function of mature finishs within a planetary scenario affected by structural alterations in the touristry market ( Duhamel A ; Violier, 2009 ; A Shaw A ; Coles, 2007 ) . From the political and institutional point of position, the Spanish Ministry of Tourism is presently developing theA Coastal Tourism Plan for the 21st centuryin coaction with regional authoritiess, which will revise touristry schemes to bring forth higher degrees of sustainability, invention and distinction. The end is to alter the prevalent economic and touristry theoretical account for the Mediterranean seashore and the Canary and Balearic Islands from the current theoretical account, which is based on th e residential building that has been brought to a standstill due to the economic crisis. The program provides a national enterprise to increase the value of mature tourer finishs and is consistent with public steps to advance the redevelopment of mature finishs that began in the 1990s. Analyzing the recent development of Benidorm is peculiarly relevant in visible radiation of both structural alterations in the touristry market and the current economic crisis. In contrast to touristry theoretical accounts based on urban conurbation, which have resulted in spread colonies in coastal countries ( European Environment Agency, 2006 ) , Benidorm offers an urban denseness theoretical account that is more environmentally efficient in respect to energy, H2O and land usage, is less dependent on private conveyance and is more attractive to tourers year-round ( Iribas, 2000 ) . As a consequence, it is widely acknowledged as a hereafter theoretical account for coastal finishs that seek to be holiday hubs ( MVRDV, 2000 ; A Thomson Holidays, 2010 ) . To find the extent to which modern-day mature finishs can germinate into future vacation hubs, it is critical to analyze how finishs like Benidorm have addressed issues such as the negative image of a mass touristry finish ; dependance on the British and Spanish market sections ; re-intermediation processes in touristry distribution and alterations in circuit operator processes such as on-line travel agents, internet distribution systems, andA dynamic packaging ; alterations in consumer penchants and behavior forms due to generational alterations, the increasing diverseness of travel motives and decreases in the mean length of stay ; and limited concern net income borders. These new worlds suggest a new attack to amalgamate finishs that does non back up the prevalent theoretical claim of inevitable diminution. 2. Theoretical model Although there were noteworthy case in points ( Christaller, 1963 ; A Gilbert, 1939 ) , the analysis of the development of tourer finishs emerged as a research involvement with the rise of international touristry as a mass phenomenon. During the 1970s, several critical surveies ( Miossec, 1977 ; A Plog, 1973 ; A Thurot, 1973 ; A Turner A ; Ash, 1975 ) identified mass touristry as the concluding phase in the development of finishs, a phase that would finally take finishs to lose their original attraction. Butler s ( 1980 ) A Tourism Area Life Cycle ( TALC ) , which is the most cited work in touristry geographics ( Gibson, 2008 ) , emerged during the passage from quantitative geographics to critical geographics ( Coles, 2006 ) and became a mention theoretical account that explained the development of tourer finishs ( seeA Fig. 2 ) . As the theoretical account was applied to diverse finishs and different attacks ( Butler, 2006a, A 2006b ) , the initial theory became more comprehensive, although many theoretical parts and instance surveies besides identified the theoretical account s restrictions ( Vera A ; Banos, 2010 ) . Fig.A 2.A The touristry country life rhythm theoretical account ( Butler, 1980 ) . The TALC theoretical account acquired particular relevancy for both the direction of coastal finishs and research on these finishs due to the demand to place the phase of adulthood and turn to the issue of possible hereafter diminution ( Agarwal, 2002, A 2005 ) . Based on this theory, A Knowles and Curtis ( 1999 ) A argued that the second-generation Spanish Sun and sand finishs that appeared in the sixtiess, which are presently mature finishs, faced an irreversible diminution because of the finishs loss of attraction, which was caused by alterations in consumer motives, the outgrowth of rival finishs and a autumn in domestic demand due to the increasing popularity of travel to foreign states. These writers flatly claimed that public and private proposals would merely prorogue the irreversible diminution. However, their deterministic claim was based on the premises of a qualitative prospective survey, and although these premises were based on existent kineticss, they could non be ver ified. In contrast, A Aguilo , Alegre, and Sard ( 2005 ) A has argued that the addition in Numberss of tourer reachings and satisfaction degrees supported the endurance of the Sun and sand theoretical account and the efficiency of the redevelopment enterprises carried out in the Balearic Islands. Similarly, A Claver, Molina, and Pereira ( 2007 ) A found that Benidorm hotels maintained a competitory place based on the figure of nightlong corsets, per room tenancy rates, application of quality direction systems and profitableness degrees. Because the interaction between resorts and the market is complex, the symptoms of diminution must be diagnosed and responded to proactively. As a consequence, the European Commission promoted a survey to place worsening tourer finishs, which were defined as tradition touristry suppliers that exhibited negative tendencies, such as a lessening in the flow of tourers, impairment in the quality of the finish, trouble in vouching sustainable touristry or the influence of exogenic factors ( TNO Inro, 2002 ) . This definition is excessively generic and obscure because these indexs do non ever reflect a structural diminution, and the definition does non place the threshold at which a diminution has occurred. However, because this position did non restrict diminution to sector facets but addressed the sustainability of development, this attack supported the claim that an environmental jobs could besides take to a touristry crisis by bring forthing an imbalanced economic and societal developm ent for tourer finishs. However, A Agarwal ( 2005 ) A noted that the definition s standards for diminution were the effects of it and that the key was to place the causes instead than the symptoms of diminution. The construct of the TALC exhibits analogues to theories of productive restructuring. Both attacks agree on the demand to prosecute in disciplinary steps to avoid the effects of diminution. Within the model of productive restructuring theory, A Agarwal ( 2002, A 2005 ) A viewed the diminution of finishs as due to the interaction between internal forces that reduced the fight of a finish and external factors that intensified competition. The global-local interaction procedure proposed by this writer highlighted the importance of local conditions and actions to modify the effects of regional or planetary developments, in conformity with the glocal nature of touristry development processes ( Milne A ; Ateljevic, 2001 ) . Deterministic attacks were frequently set aside in favor of local planning to keep the fight of different coastal finishs through diverse restructuring schemes. For illustration, A Bramwell ( 2004 ) summarised the schemes employed by assorted finishs in the Mediterran ean Basin ; A Anton ( 2011 ) classified coastal finishs in Spain as reactive, originative or transitive depending on the restructuring policies adopted ; A Priestley and Mundet ( 1998 ) A analysed the post-stagnation stage of assorted finishs on the seashore of Catalonia, Spain, part whichA Garay and Canoves ( 2011 ) A late analysed by using the TALC and ordinance theory ; andA Oreja, Parra, and Yanes ( 2008 ) A integrated teleological positions with the TALC to analyze Tenerife in the Canary Islands in Spain. The recent development of finishs has besides been explained in footings of a passage from Fordism to post-Fordism.A Urry ( 1990 ) A argued that cultural alterations associated with post-modernism were the primary footing for the loss of attraction experienced by British coastal finishs since the 1970s.A Poon s ( 1993 ) history has emphasised alterations in demand and technological inventions, whileA Agarwal s ( 2002 ) A has emphasised flexible production systems. However, non all writers accept histories based on a additive passage from Fordism to post-Fordism. Certain writers ( Agarwal A ; Shaw, 2007 ; A Debbage A ; Ioannides, 1998 ; A Torres, 2002 ) have argued that post-Fordist and neo-Fordist state of affairss coexist in specific tourer finishs ; for case, the behavior of international tourer operators exhibits new signifiers of mass production that coexist with customised travel and the variegation of tourer motives. In contrast, new forms of international mobility ( Sheller A ; Urry, 2004 ; A Williams A ; Hall, 2002 ) affect established finishs with foreign occupants which presently absorb impermanent and lasting labor flows, every bit good as flows of short stay tourers due to the addition in low-priced air hoses, which make air travel more accessible ( Vera A ; Ivars, 2009 ) . These flow additions have influenced existent estate demand and favoured existent estate touristry, which in bend has increased adjustment capacity and the municipal demographic range.A Gonzalez ( 2008 ) A confirmed that the most of import tourer finishs on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline were pulling dwellers, investings, services and substructure. Based on the above considerations, an analysis of established finishs must see the consequence of tourer activity on territorial construction and urban functions.A Knafou ( 2006 ) A stressed that the urban and demographic growing attach toing the development of tourer finishs tended to increase their complexness. This is an indispensable characteristic of tourist urban sprawls such as the Cote dAzur, the Belgian seashore, the Costa Brava and Florida, where urban development has acquired a new dimension that can no longer be viewed entirely in footings of touristry. On a local graduated table, these kineticss have been examined for finishs such as Rimini ( Conti A ; Perelli, 2005 ) . An analytical position that considers the importance of the economic maps of finishs and the extent of their centrality within a district has been insufficiently developed in traditional touristry research, which has chiefly focused on the development of touristry demand and ignored the territorial kineticss that arise from the development of tourer finishs. As a consequence, the most recent surveies look intoing Butler s life rhythm theory have emphasised the demand to analyze the spacial dimensions of the theory in greater deepness ( Hall A ; Page, 2009 ) . In drumhead, the dynamic and complex nature of tourer finishs precludes the application of pre-established theoretical theoretical accounts in favor of diverse theoretical attacks. The dialectical interplay between external and internal factors underlies the uneven development of tourer finishs, which are non needfully fated to worsen. Tourist finishs are able to accommodate to fortunes and can act upon their hereafter evolution.A Walton ( 2000 ) A highlighted the resiliency of British coastal finishs despite jobs during the latter portion of the twentieth century. These finishs did non endure terminal diminution but experienced a function displacement ( Shaw A ; Coles, 2007 ) . Despite the fascination with diminution, most coastal touristry finishs still attract visitants as some have or more than 200 old ages ( Duhamel A ; Violier, 2009 ) . Therefore, the key to survival prevarications in the ability to accommodate to ever-changing fortunes. 3. Methods Harmonizing to the theoretical model adopted in this paper, statistical information for the 1988 to 2010 period were analysed to place the different stages of adulthood of Benidorm based on variables associating to the finish itself and to the touristry environment, in peculiar touristry policies implemented during the period. To bring forth the development curve for the finish, nightlong hotel corsets were selected as the key variable because they are representative for finishs like Benidorm and the official statistics obtained from the monthly census-based study of hotel constitutions in Benidorm were reliableA Tourism Survey of the Valencian Tourism Agency. The tourer nightlong hotel stay variable was chosen because it was based on a monthly study of the hotels in Benidorm and was available for a longer clip period ( 1988-2010 ) . This variable measured the inflow of tourers busying the about 40,000 available beds in regulated adjustment. Furthermore, usage of the hotel study made it possible to cross-index other variables such as the average business, seasonality and alterations in markets of beginning during the survey period. Although the entire figure of tourers sing the finish was the most theoretically relevant variable, it could non be measured through empirical observation because gauging nightlong corsets in flats and at bivouacing sites presented methodological jobs and this information was merely available for a shorter clip period. In add-on, although supply statistics chiefly the alteration in the figure of beds were analysed, the behavior of these variables was more inactive and did non explicate the cyclical demand constituent. As a consequence, these indexs were regarded as accessory to the demand variables. The distinction of stages within the adulthood period was complemented by qualitative research on internal factors in local touristry policy and direction reflected in the sentiments of differentA stakeholders. This attack regards the finish as an unfastened system with private and public interdependent agents, in which the actions of one party affect other parties ( Pulido, 2010 ) . The 23A stakeholdersA selected were representative of the local touristry industry ; interviews were held with persons who managed and owned the most of import independent hotels or hotel groups, representatives of touristry industry associations with a multisector remit ( flats, bivouacing sites, leisure industry, etc. ) and political leaders and council functionaries who were responsible for touristry and related countries such as urban and environmental planning. Persons were interviewed from January through June of 2010. The interviews were analysed utilizing theA Atlas.tisoftware plan, which is base d onA Strauss and Corbin s ( 1990 ) A grounded theory technique. 4. The complex development of Benidorm: different stages of adulthood The analysis of factors related to the planetary touristry environment, such as the development of the touristry market, economic rhythms, sociopolitical contexts, and the public and private actions that formed the local responses describe four distinguishable phases for alterations in the figure of nightlong corsets at this finish ( seeFig. 3 ) : aˆ? Phase 1. International recession and supply-demand instabilities ( 1988-1993 ) aˆ? Phase 2. A new expansive stage ( 1994-2001 ) aˆ? Phase 3. The stabilization phase ( 2002-2007 ) aˆ? Phase 4. Effectss of the international economic crisis ( 2007-2009 ) Fig.A 3.A Recent development stages and factors impacting on the touristry and territorial kineticss of Benidorm ( 1988-2010 ) . 4.1. Phase 1. International recession and supply-demand instabilities ( 1988-1993 ) Phase 1 occurred after a period of economic enlargement in Spain and the Valencia part, and the figure of nightlong corsets reached a upper limit between 1986 and 1987. In 1988, jobs in accommodating the touristry supply to alterations in international touristry demand, such as alterations in travel penchants, reeling of vacations, more complex and diverse travel motives, and increasing competition from more alien tourer countries created a clime of uncertainness. Within a twelvemonth, a touristry crisis both at the national and at the local degree was by and large acknowledged. There was a important decrease in nightlong corsets and a little lessening in reachings of visitants due to factors such as the grasp of the peseta and the Spanish rising prices derived function. The recession led to oppugning of the traditional Sun and sand theoretical account and the thought that successful touristry meant a quantitative growing in demand, taking to proposals for variegation of touristry of ferings and markets. In 1990, other international factors, such as the Gulf War in the Middle East, ended the sustained growing and enlargement of international travel. In Spain, the crisis was widespread and the 1990 season was considered the worst of the decennary. The tendency observed in the old twelvemonth was magnified and the figure of visitants in peculiar, British visitants continued to diminish. This was partly attributed to the rise in the exchange rate of the peseta with regard to other currencies, rising prices and economic recession in of import tourist-generating states, such as Great Britain. The state of affairs improved in 1991, and exogenic factors, such as the decreased popularity of other finishs such as Greece and Turkey, were associated with an addition in the figure of visitants and nightlong hotel corsets. In 1992 and 1993, the touristry industry in Spain improved ; fewer Spaniards travelled abroad and favorable exchange rate following the devaluation of the peseta made Spain more competitory as a finish by increasing the disbursement capacity of foreign tourers. This tendency was besides observed in Benidorm, where there was a passage from a positive to a negative dynamic, peculiarly for the primary international ( British, Belgian and Dutch ) markets ; this contrasted with the behavior of the national market, which was more unvarying. During this stage, the hotel capacity in Benidorm was comparatively stable. At the beginning of this stage, 31,370 beds were available ( 42.8 % of the entire hotel beds in the Valencian part in 1988 ) . In 1994, at the terminal of this stage, there were 32,238 beds an addition of merely 2.8 % . It should be noted that at the beginning of this stage, most of the chiefly 2- and 3-star hotels in Benidorm had been built between 1960 and 1970 during the tourer roar, and hotel engagements were chiefly made through circuit operators, which created fewer fluctuations in demand compared to finishs that depended on occasional tourers. At this clip, Benidorm had much more to offer in respect to recreational and leisure installations than environing finishs. A in private financed H2O park was merely one of the attractive forces that targeted visitants of all ages. During this phase, Benidorm besides became the base for twenty-four hours trips to nearby small towns, which were requested by international circuit operators and organised by local business communities. Integrating these elements added value to the Sun and sand bundle vacations ( Vera A ; Banos, 2010 ) . During this phase, public enterprises focused on urban planning and bettering environmental quality to heighten fight with rival Sun and sand finishs, and a strategic selling program ( 1991 ) was developed to present new ways to advance the town. In lAiguera, portion of the river bottom that cut through the town was used to make an extended populace park with unfastened infinites, landscaping countries and locales for unfastened air shows. The undertaking, which was designed by the designer Ricardo Bofill, integrated the infinite into the town, which added value to the immediate milieus. The Levante beach seafront promenade a undertaking designed by another celebrated designer, Oriol Bohigas was besides constructed during this period and made the beach, which was the location most frequented by visitants, much more attractive and accessible. Because a famine of well-trained staff was by and large considered to hold contributed to the Spanish touristry crisis, regional governments created a Tourism Training Centre in Benidorm to better the makings of touristry professionals. This Centre was the first in a web of regional Centres. 4.2. Phase 2. A new expansive stage ( 1994-2001 ) With the betterment in the economic system in Western Europe and the devaluation of the peseta, a period of recovery began in 1994. Both nationally and regionally, this stage was characterised by turning grosss, more nightlong corsets and increased tourer disbursement. Locally, the recovery was reflected in the figure of nightlong corsets of foreign visitants, peculiarly British tourers, which exhibited an addition of 58 % by 2001, although the entire figure of nightlong corsets increased by merely 15 % due to the lessening in the figure of nightlong corsets of Spanish visitants. This period was characterised by tenancy rates of about 95 % in 2000 and 2001. The entire figure of hotel beds remained stable. However, there was a progressive decrease in the figure of lower rated constitutions, and companies began to put in upgrading the categorization of their hotels. This tendency was favoured at the regional degree by a new ordinance that introduced a categorization system based on fulfillment of specific proficient demands. The regulative purpose was to do the construction of the sector more crystalline and diminish the figure of little guesthouses either by shuting them or reclassifying them into different classs. Tourism policies during this period were characterised by new public works undertakings to make urban landmarks and better public infinites that reinforced the image of a quality Sun and sand finish. A major investing during this stage was the state-financed redevelopment of the seafront promenade along the Levante beach, which was completed in 1996. However, a extremist alteration in policy besides occurred during the 1990s, which involved the creative activity of an urban leisure and diversion country that was separate from the town itself. Therefore, the regional authorities financed a major subject park that opened in 2000. The park was described as a redevelopment of the tourer finish intended to pull new demand sections to Benidorm and the environing country. The new park was located outside the town of Benidorm, associated with beaches and urban infinites, and generated a separate urban growing procedure. Apart from the inquiry of belongings guess, the determination to construct outside preexistent constructions was influenced by the thought that subject Parkss made tourer finishs more competitory, and the building of the new park was viewed as the drive force for a new stage in the development of Benidorm. Therefore, the Particular Master Plan for Uses and Infrastructures Theme Park Area Benidorm-Finestrat approved in 19 98 by the Regional Department of Public Works, Urban Planning and Transport non merely created a macrostructure that focused on themed leisure but besides at the same time introduced new activities, such as golf, and favoured the building of hotel and residential adjustment. Although after a decennary, the result was dissatisfactory, the park contributed to the development of a new leisure country and residential places outside of the town ( Vera A ; Banos, 2010 ) . However, regional touristry policies that supported the modernizat

The Hybrid of 35mm Film and Digital Video Thesis

The Hybrid of 35mm Film and Digital Video - Thesis Example Over time, the video from film cameras evolved from black and white into colour and now looms around extinction in the face of digital video and digital cameras. Attempts are being made in order to revitalize the decaying film camera industry such as with the introduction of the LomoKino camera that supports film video creation using a crank. The current paper will attempt to look at an effort to create a TVR commercial to popularise such cameras using video footage obtained from film cameras as well as digital cameras. Introduction The twentieth century can be seen as a time of revolution for the human race. A number of significant developments took place following the Industrial Revolution that has redefined the manner in which human beings exist and look at things. Communication is one of the key aspects that have changed altogether from the pre Industrial Revolution period to today. The printing press was a key change that introduced more and more people to printed messages and a llowed greater communication between people. In a similar manner, the invention of photography took the world by surprise. First, photography allowed people to transmit simple black and white images to convey messages. In the next step, these images were combined together to produce moving images that stunned audiences across the world. ... On the other hand, photographed images did not require any prerequisites to understand them. Naturally, photography became more and more popular with time when compared to printed texts. This major change was catalysed by the creation of moving images in the form of the earliest films. Placing moving images together allowed for easier and simpler transmission of ideas. Images became an instrument for propaganda from the very start given their effectiveness at delivering their message. Audiences around the globe were mesmerised with moving images although sound had yet not been introduced. It comes as no surprise that by the start of the twentieth century, governments around the world were utilising cinemas and moving pictures for propaganda value. By this point in time, technological advances had allowed photographers to capture images in colour. The century old tradition of photography had developed a number of different industrial standards to allow for more standardised photograph y. One of these developments depended on the use of three different colour filters namely red, green and blue in order to capture and later reproduce images. Another major development dating from this period was the development of the 35mm film that became synonymous with photography around the world. The iconic 35mm film became the symbol of the photography world such that a photographer operating anywhere around the world had access to this film. Early on this size for photographic films was adopted by Thomas Edison in liaison with Blair Camera Company from New York (Dickson, 1933). Both companies agreed to slice photographic film to a standard size of 35mm or 1.375 inches for each frame. Moreover, each frame had

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Sociology - Essay Example The capabilities of a human have no limits. It may not be immediately understood, but can be realized through individual effort. So humans are capable of solving their own difficulties, attain their objectives, and achieve lasting happiness. They can even transcend the current state to reach higher states of awareness and ability. (1). Scientology makes use of celebrities to provide information and support their religious through. Actor Tom Cruise of â€Å"Mission Impossible† fame is an example of the use of celebrities. He has been actively crusading for scientology since 2005. He advocates the beliefs of the religion, like speaking out against psychiatry. John Travolta is another film celebrity making the rounds in favor of scientology. However there are accusations that many celebrities like John Travolta endorse the religion for financial benefits (2). Many of its critics claim that scientology is a sham. The main criticisms center on its money making racket with pressure on its members to contribute sums of money. Scientology has run into difficulties with law authorities in several countries. There have also been a number of cases filed by its members of mental and physical abuse. The judges in some of these cases have termed the religion as â€Å"corrupt, sinister and dangerous†. (3) Facebook was founded in 2004 by Mark Zukerberg and Dustin Muskovitz. Facebook is a website that uses English language for social networking to enable the spread of information. The spread of information among its users is similar to the manner in which it is done in the real world. There are many networks within facebook. Each individual network may be an individual school, or a company or a regional location. Each network is independent of the other, and only its members can pass information among themselves. Any individual with an e-mail address can become a member of a network, by getting authenticated into it. The advantage of facebook is that the amount of information

Analysis of the underlying causes Domestic Violence against Women in Essay

Analysis of the underlying causes Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan - Essay Example With the upsurge in media channels, newspapers and different information access points coming of age, the world is getting to know the dark side behind the domestic woman of Pakistan, within the four walls of her home or of her master’s. The mechanism which could be discussed here in line with the control and prevention of domestic violence against women in the country comprise of first and foremost an understanding that the women are being treated rather shabbily within the state. It is this realization of the grave problem that could tackle half the problem in a whisker. The police authorities fail to curb the crimes that are committed on these women because they do not accept that the crimes are carried out in the first place. This is because the system of bribery is rampant within the society and police authorities of Pakistan, according to recent surveys carried out globally, is the most corrupt organization followed up by judiciary, which speaks volumes of the law and order situation that is present within Pakistan. Now domestic violence against women becomes an all the more significant aspect since it is seldom being reported to the authorities and in most of those cases the matters are hushed up before they could be moved ahead any further. Whilst drafting a five year plan for the control and prevention regimes of domestic violence within Pakistan, it is pertinent to know what the real factors behind devising such a plan are. If only the factors are ascertained beforehand, it would give a clear idea as to the eventual ramifications in the lead-up to the results and findings of the violence that is taking place within the nation. There is the subject of poverty and lack of education that kicks off the topic of domestic violence. Then men are frustrated with the norms of the society and tend to vent their feelings by taking out violent means on the women within their homes. Also the aspect of having

Contradicting Theories On Choking Under Pressure Psychology Essay

Contradicting Theories On Choking Under Pressure Psychology Essay For several decades, the relationship between stress and performance gained much attention. Numerous psychological researches provided evidence for the anecdotal phenomenon that pressure negatively affects cognitive and motor control during performance. This phenomenon is known as choking under pressure, defined as performing more poorly than expected, in situations where performance pressure is at a maximum, given at ones skill level. Contradicting theories on choking under pressure A widely accepted explanation for choking under pressure in cognitive tasks is the distraction hypothesis (Wine, 1971). In accordance to distraction theories, it is proposed in high-pressure situations, the individuals attention needed to perform the task at hand is coopted by task irrelevant thoughts and worries such as worries about the situation and its consequences that leads to choking which harm their performances. (Beilock Carr, 2001; Lewis Linder, 1997; Wine, 1971). Essentially, pressure creates a dual-task environment in which situation-related concerns compete with the attention required to accomplish the task at hand. Distraction-based accounts of skill failure propose that performance pressure affects concentration from the main task that one is trying to perform to irrelevant cues. Therefore, there are insufficient working memory resources to successfully support both primary task performance and to deal with worries about the pressure situation and its consequences un der pressure which results in skill failure. Although there is evidence that pressure prompts failure by sidetracking attention away from skill performance, a contradicting class of theories has been put forth as an alternate explanation for skill failure. Baumeister (1984) proposed a self-focus theory called explicit-monitoring theory which claims the opposite that pressure could in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence the performance of skilled individuals by causing them to engage explicit processes that interfere with carrying out the procedure such as increase in their self- consciousness and anxiety about performing well (Gray, 2004; Masters, 1992) which in turn leads performers to emphasize their attention on skill execution to ensure optimal result (Beilock Carr, 2001). This focus on the oneself is thought to prompt individuals to turn their focus inward on the precise processes of performance in an effort to apply more explicit monitoring and control than would be applied in a non-pressure situation. Rationale Distraction and explicit monitoring theories of choking under pressure pose very different mechanisms of skill failure. While distraction theories suggest that pressure influence performance by shifting attention and working memory resources away from it, explicit monitoring theories suggest that pressure shifts too much attention toward skill processes and procedures. However it is unclear as to whether distraction or explicit monitoring will impact performance, even though both mechanisms have tendencies to occur in certain contexts. We believe that pressure can do both in aspects of the performance environment itself. Distracting thoughts, explicit monitoring, or even both will be lead to depending on the specific elements of stress suffered in high-pressure situations as it may essentially involve multiple components; therefore, exerting multiple effects. The questions as to whether performance fail or succeed, and how this failure will occur, rest on aspects of the pressure situation and the required attention for the task being performed. Aim The aim of the experiment is to study the effect of different levels of pressure inflicted by an audience on peoples performance (word count and accuracy) in a typing task. Experimental outline This study was conducted on a total of 102 undergraduate psychology students, of which 54 were females and 48 were males. The participants ranged from 17 to 55 years of age (Mean=20.51 years; SD=6.28). The participants performed a typing task under 3 di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent environments which is no pressure, low pressure and high pressure in random order. The no pressure condition involves participants typing while the projector screen was turned off, so no one else in the room could see what they were typing. In the low pressure condition, the screen was turned on, so the rest of the class could see what was being typed. In the high pressure condition, the class crowded around the participant as they typed. In each condition, they are allocated a script of text which they need to replicate as much and as accurately as possible in the time allocated (45 seconds). Quality of performance is analyzed by counting the number of words typed and errors made. Hypothesis We hypothesize that pressure have a negative impact on performance. In no pressure condition, we predict that the participants would achieve the highest word count with lowest number of errors, whereas in high pressure condition, we predict that the participants would achieve the lowest word count with highest number of errors. Discussion The results showed that the number of words typed was significantly affected by pressured condition. Participants performance speed was fastest in the low pressure condition compared to the high-pressure condition. The results showed that accuracy was significantly affected by pressure condition. As for the participants accuracy, it was greater in the no-pressure condition compared to the low-pressure and the high-pressure condition. As such, the results of this study support the hypothesis proposed. These findings are consistent with the study conducted by Gray (2004) who examined how expert baseball players batted in a baseball simulator in both low-pressure and high-pressure conditions. Gray (2004) found an increase in batting errors and movement variability under high pressure, relative to low-pressure situation; suggesting that pressure negatively affects performance. As with the baseball players, we believe that our participants also experienced distracting thoughts and/or explicit monitoring under pressure which interrupted their performance. As a result, the participants experience a decrease in typing speed; hence, produced less word count and made more errors while typing. Strengths of the experiment This experiment assessed both male and female which rules out any possible gender difference. With the wide age range of 17 to 55 years of age, it also rules out age difference. Also, by manipulating the pressure environment, individuals will focus on the process of performance versus the outcome of performance, allowing us to study different aspects affecting ones performance in pressure-filled situations. Improvement to the experiment A larger sample size would have enabled us to achieve more accurate results. Significance This study enables us to better understand performance failure, and ways to prevent it; across a variety of skill types and situations, from a student taking a final exam paper to a professional athlete playing on the field. Such developed knowledge aids the improvement of training regiments and performance strategies designed to lighten these choking performances as such reducing the possibility of failure. Understanding the reason choking occurs is important for developing training methods to deal with it. Understanding skill failure and success under pressure may give a clear view on the similarities and differences in the cognitive control structures underlying a diverse set of skills. Furthermore, by uncovering the mechanisms thats leading pressure-induced failure, we can also further our understanding of how emotional and motivational factors combine with memory and attention processes to impact skill learning and performance. An understanding of how the performance environment modifies cognitive processes not only advances our understanding of the choking under pressure phenomenon explicitly but also provides an perception into related situations in which performance unintentionally falters, ranging from test anxiety to the threat of conforming to a negative stereotype. Finally, these  ¬Ã‚ ndings suggest an important avenue for future research working toward an all-embracing th eory of when performance will fail versus succeed under stressful situations.

Analysis of Field Experience Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Analysis of Experiences†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCES† Part 1 I have taken several psychology courses at Southeastern Oklahoma State University. I believe that SOSU is a very prestige school and the Psychology Department. The Psychology Professors’ are outstanding teachers and mentors. The Psychology courses that I believe have helped me the most through my Field Experience at the Crisis Control Center would have to be, Abnormal Psychology, Psychology of Personality, Interviewing Skills, Social Psychology, and Psychology of Adjustment. These courses that I have listed have helped me through this internship more than I could have ever known. Being at the shelter on a daily basis, you will experience different personalities, abnormal behavior, and many adjustment problems with our clients and their children. Not only have the courses prepared me for my field experience, but I have to admire my professors, they have helped through this internship tremendously. If I ever had any questions to ask or just someone to talk to these professors in the Psychology Department were always there to lend a hand, or just to listen to what I had to say. They would help in anyway that they could. I also have to brag on the Communication Department for their hard work. I believe that Psychology and Communication goes hand in hand with one another and if I had not taken courses such as Listening, Group Communication, and Family Communication I would not have come as far as I have in my internship. Part II. Going into my field experience I was certain that I would want to be a counselor, and work with people in an office setting on a daily basis. After completing my internship at the Crisis Control Center I have found what I would like to do as a career. I now like the legal part of the Crisis Control Center. This semester I have mainly worked with our court advocate for the Crisis Control Center. Although the support counselors at the shelter are wonderful, our court advocate goes beyond her call of duty. She helps victims of domestic violence everyday. She is on call 24/7 and has made many trips to the hospital for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. She will try to get them the Justice they deserve. We go to court every week with our victims to help them with protective orders, and to give... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arrange the tasks in the order you’ll need to do them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Estimate how long each task will take. Be sure to allow enough time for editing and making changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identify the date the report is due, and then set a schedule showing what work you’ll need to do each day in order to have your report ready on time. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Add interest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use graphs and charts to illustrate an idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Add a picture, photo, or drawing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Include a map.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Find a quotation and use it to make your point. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make every word count   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Choose words your reader will understand. Remember that you want to communicate your ideas to the person reading your paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoid clichà ©s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use a thesaurus to replace overused words and find new ways to express your ideas.

Ellen and Edward represent Essay

Ellen and Edward represent the dynamic challenge of working with two people who enter therapy together, but present different levels of clinical symptomatology. In this case, Ellen appears to be experiencing the most difficulty functioning in her life. She reports a lack of energy, persistent sadness, and even occasional suicidal ideation. These problems are not new for Ellen as she has likely suffered from clinical depression for several years. Her termination of individual therapy may have triggered or intensified her recent increase in symptoms. Ellen’s diagnosis is Major Depressive Disorder. Her severity ranges from moderate to severe. At this time, Edward does not meet criteria for any Axis I disorders, but further information would be necessary to understand his personality and other areas of functioning more thoroughly. Neither member of this partnership meets criteria for an Axis II diagnosis. There are no medical conditions reported and therefore, no Axis III diagnosis. Axis IV psychosocial problems for Ellen include her previous abuse. As a couple, psychosocial difficulties include communication problems and marital discord. Ellen’s GAF is estimated to be 35 while Edward is functioning more effectively at a GAF of 65. The couple’s level of functioning is more reflective of Ellen’s more severe difficulties (Weeks & Hof, 1995). They are failing to communicate, meet basic needs of the household, and sustain meaningful aspects of the relationships. Because Ellen has experienced a mood disturbance for longer than the duration of her marriage, it is possible that even her mate selection of Edward was related to her diagnosis (Weeks & Hof, 1995). For this reason, Ellen’s individual diagnosis should be seen in the context of the relationship for the purposes of couple’s therapy. It is an integral part of their relationship and cannot be extracted if the couple wishes to fortify their relationship through marital counseling. Ellen would still be encouraged to seek her own individual therapy and consultation with a psychiatrist to address the severity of her depression. Ellen’s diagnosis was reached through the decision-tree method presented in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This method is a thorough way to match the presenting symptoms to the most appropriate clinical diagnosis. In this case, Ellen’s experience of a mood disorder was clear early in the initial session. The details she described about her past provided enough clinical information to eliminate bipolar disorders and more mild forms of depression. Major depressive disorder encompasses the duration and severity (i. e. occasional suicidal ideation) of her condition. The single criticism of the decision-tree method may be its tendency to over-diagnose. While this client clearly met criteria, there are very few paths out of the decision-tree should a client present mild symptoms that do not yet merit a full diagnosis. There are many different medication options that may supplement Ellen’s participation in psychotherapy. Lexapro and Zoloft, members of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, may be useful. If Ellen does not respond to these drugs or is at-risk for their adverse side-effects, Wellbutrin is another option. This drug has a complete different action mechanism than the others in the SSRI class. Ellen’s response and compliance with any antidepressant medication should be monitored closely. Her history of abruptly terminating treatment could indicate a potential to also stop taking her medication without warning. Many antidepressants need to be tapered off in gradually decreasing dosages. Abruptly ceasing treatment can cause dangerous side effects. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM IV- TR. (4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Weeks, G. R. & Hof, L. (1995) Integrative Solutions: Treating common problems in couples therapy. New York: Psychology Press.